REFLEXION FINAL

Las diversas actividades desarrolladas en el curso me permitieron conocer herramientas tecnológicas que evidentemente contribuirán al fortalecimiento de mi  nivel de conocimiento en ámbito de una lengua tan importante como es el idioma Inglés.

Un agradecimiento a todos, en especial a la facilitadora: Doris Molero, por sus entusiamos e interés en la divulgación del conocimiento.

TALLER FINAL: UNIDADES 1, 2, 3 Y 4

A. Categorias lexicales y uso del diccionario.


1. Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu area de interes. Identifica 3 palabras que no conoces.. agrega las abreviaciones.

  Howeve : Sin embargo
  Rather: sino más
  might: Sugerir

The need for ethics in leadership

“However, one might legitimately question the need for the study of ethics in leadership. If we think about it, the greatest number of organizations that exist are in the business and government sectors, which, it might be argued, really are or should be unconcerned with ethics or morality. The argument might be that ethics and morality are or ought to be the exclusive preserve of religious and, possibly, educational organizations. When morality intrudes into the business organization, it has the potential of diverting business leaders from the organization's primary objectives and, as a result, causing it to be inefficient and to deprive stockholders of their due returns. Surely, the founder did not start the business to promote morality but rather to earn a profit and créate wealth. Similar questions can also be raised about the role of ethics in non-proflt organizations, including the government - the largest of all organizations in the country.”

Autor: Manuel Mendoca y Rabindra N. Kanungo. Ethical Leadership. Ediciones McGrawHill. Año 2007. p.p. 2-3

2. Idea principal del texto (en español)
 
    La necesidad de la ética en el liderazgo
3. Categorias lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoria)


•Palabras de contenido: organizations, government

•Palabras de Función:  about, The

- Sustantivos: ethics, morality

•Verbos: think, study, intrudes

•Adverbio:  really possibly

•Adjetivo: legitimately, diverting

•Artículo: The, a

•Preposiciones: for , about

•Conjunción: If, and

•Cognados verdaderos: organizations , similar

•cognados Falsos: no existen

•Sufijo: government , surely

•Prefijos: inefficient


B. Estructura de la oracion: (2 ejemplos)

“However, one might legitimately question the need for the study of ethics in leadership"

Frase nominal : “However, one

1.Nucleo de la frase nominal: one

2. pre modificadores: However    post modificadores: the need

Frase verbal : might legitimately question the need for the study of ethics in leadership

1.Nucleo de la frase verbal : might
2.Tiempo verbal: Presente Simple

"If we think about it, the greatest number of organizations that exist are in the business and government sectors, which, it might be argued, really are or should be unconcerned with ethics or morality

Frase nominal: If we

1.Nucleo de la frase nominal: we

2. Pre modificadores:  If

Frase verbal : think about it, the greatest number of organizations that exist are in the business and government sectors, which, it might be argued, really are or should be unconcerned with ethics or morality

1.Nucleo de la frase verbal: think

2.Tiempo verbal: Presente Simple

EJERCICIO 1 : UNIDAD 4: PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE UN PÁRRAFO

Esta unidad procederos a la siguiente actividad:

A. Seleccione un texto relacionado con su área de experticia.


Lea el texto y extraiga las definiciones y los marcadores del discurso.

Definición: "We define ethical leadership here as the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communica- tion, reinforcement, and decision-making.

Marcadores de una Definición:  Define , as

Texto Objeto de Análisis

"We define ethical leadership here as the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communica- tion, reinforcement, and decision-making. The Wrst com- ponent of this constitutive deWnition, “demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships” suggests that those who are perceived to be ethical leaders model con- duct that followers consider to be normatively appropri- ate (e.g., honesty, trustworthiness, fairness, and care), making the leader a legitimate and credible role model. The term “normatively appropriate” is deliberately vague because, beyond the generalities noted above, what is deemed appropriate behavior is somewhat con- text dependent. For example, in some cultures norma- tively appropriate behavior might include speaking out publicly against some organizational action; in other cultures, such public voice would be considered to be normatively inappropriate".

Documento en línea: www.elsevier.com/locate/obhdp. Titulado: Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Autores: Michael E. Brown , Linda K. Treviño, David A. Harrison. pp. 120-121

B. Seleccione un texto (biografia) y extraiga las palabras claves, diga si son de instrucciones, o de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.

Marcadores de Tiempo: Indentificados en varios colores

Tipo de texto : Narrativo

Idea general del párrafo

BIOGRAFIA DE  NELSON ROLIHLAHLA

 

"Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe. Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ruling National Party's apartheid policies after 1948. He went on trial for treason in 1956-1961 and was acquitted in 1961.

After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing within the ANC. In June 1961, the ANC executive considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandela's campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC. This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with hard labour. In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government by violence. His statement from the dock received considerable international publicity. On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment. From 1964 to 1982, he was incarcerated at Robben Island Prison, off Cape Town; thereafter, he was at Pollsmoor Prison, nearby on the mainland.

During his years in prison, Nelson Mandela's reputation grew steadily. He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa and became a potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength. He consistently refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom.

Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990. After his release, he plunged himself wholeheartedly into his life's work, striving to attain the goals he and others had set out almost four decades earlier. In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC held inside South Africa after the organization had been banned in 1960, Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organisation's National Chairperson".

EJERCICIO 1: UNIDAD 3 : Técnicas de Lectura : Predicción, Deducción, Skimming

Técnicas de Lectura : Predicción, Deducción, Skimming

Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas:

1. De  acuerdo al titulo e imagen, ¿ Cuál cree usted que es el tópico que esta a punto de leer?

Trata sobre un personaje excepcional de nuestros tiempos, que supo irradiar con su ejemplo de vida; los valores más sublimes del ser humano: la rectitud, la perserverancia y la honestidad, hasta el punto de aglutinar a su pueblo para lograr la libertad.

2. ¿ Cuál es la idea general del texto?

Exalta la vida, de quizás el último heroe puro del planeta.

________________________ o________________________

"We long for heroes but have too few. Nelson Mandela is perhaps the last pure hero on the planet. He is the smiling symbol of sacrifice and rectitude, revered by millions as a living saint. But this image is one-dimensional. He would be the first to tell you that he is far from a saint – and that is not false modesty.

Nelson Mandela is a man of many contradictions. He is thick-skinned but easily wounded. He is sensitive to how others feel but often ignores those closest to him. He is generous with money but counts his pennies when giving a tip. He will not step on a cricket or spider but was the first commander of the African National Congress’s military wing. He is a man of the people but revels in the company of celebrities. He is eager to please but not afraid to say no. He doesn’t like to take credit, but will let you know when he should get it. He shakes the hands of everyone in the kitchen but doesn’t know all of his bodyguards’ names".

Este documento lo puede encontrar en la siguiente dirección:
http://www.leadershiponline.co.za/articles/leaders-on-leadership/769-mandelas-way

3. ¿Qué palabras se repiten?

       man,  first, but

4. ¿Qué palabras se parecen al español?

       heroes, planet, sacrifice,contradictions, rectitude

Técnicas de Lectura :  Scanning

De acuerdo al texto en inglés que se presenta a continuación procedemos a escribir (4) preguntas puntuales sobre fechas, sitios, entre otras, utilizando la Biografia Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela.

1. ¿ Cuando nació Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela?

       July 18, 1918 : El 18 de julio de 1918

2. ¿ Donde nació?

In Transkei, South Africa

En Trankei, Surafrica

3. ¿Donde estudió?

Was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942.

Fue educado en el University College de Fort Hare y la Universidad de Witwatersrand , egresando como licenciado en derecho en 1942.

4. ¿ Qué representa Nelson Mandela para el mundo y especialmente para Surafrica?

He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa and became a potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength

El líder negro más importante en Sudáfrica, conviertiéndose en un poderoso símbolo de la resistencia a través del movimiento anti-apartheid.

Biography

"Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe. Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ruling National Party's apartheid policies after 1948. He went on trial for treason in 1956-1961 and was acquitted in 1961.

After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing within the ANC. In June 1961, the ANC executive considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandela's campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC. This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with hard labour. In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government by violence. His statement from the dock received considerable international publicity. On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment. From 1964 to 1982, he was incarcerated at Robben Island Prison, off Cape Town; thereafter, he was at Pollsmoor Prison, nearby on the mainland.

During his years in prison, Nelson Mandela's reputation grew steadily. He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa and became a potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength. He consistently refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom.

Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990. After his release, he plunged himself wholeheartedly into his life's work, striving to attain the goals he and others had set out almost four decades earlier. In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC held inside South Africa after the organization had been banned in 1960, Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organisation's National Chairperson".

 
Documento en línea:
www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html

CURSO DE INGLES INSTRUMENTAL: UNIDAD I USO DEL DICCIONARIO: ACTIVIDAD 1

Durante el desarrollo de la primera sesión de clase, la facilitadora explicó el uso adecuado del diccionario bilingue, lo que genero una mayor  conocimiento sobre la utilización del mismo, destacando aquellos aspectos atinentes a la organización por orden alfabético, las abreviaturas y la localización de las palabras; asi mismo, se realizo una actividad a través de un articulo cuyo titulo es : Ten Truths about Leadership, suministrado por la profesora Doris Molero con el propósito de identificar las diversas categorias lexicales en el mencionado texto, tales como: Sustantivos, Verbos, Adjetivos, Adverbios, Artículos,Preposiciones, Conjunciones, Demostrativos, Prefijos,Sufijos, Cognados Veraderos y Falsos.

A continuación se presenta el texto antes mencionados para su respectivo análisis conforme a los parámetros indicados. El mismo puede se encontrado Documento en línea: http://www.leadershipnow.com/leadingblog/2010/08/ten_truths_about_leadership.html

Ten Truths about Leadership

In the last 30 years James Kouzes and Barry Posner, authors of the highly regarded leadership classic The Leadership Challenge, have studied leaders all over the world. They understand leadership.

The question they get time and time again is “What’s new in leadership?” They answer that while the context of leadership as changed dramatically, “the content of leadership has not changed much at all. The fundamental behaviors, actions, and practices of leaders have remained essentially the same since we first began researching and writing about leadership over three decades ago. Much has changed, but there’s a whole lot more that’s stayed the same.” That is probably the fundamental truth of leadership development. With that understanding, we can develop leaders in all contexts and weed out fact from fiction.

Based on thirty years of research—more than one million responses to their leadership assessment—Kouzes and Posner have gathered together in The Truth about Leadership, the ten truths that have stood the test of time and they hold true both globally and cross-generationally. They devote a chapter to each of these ten concepts:

Truth #1 You Make a Difference. Before you lead you have to believe that you can have a positive impact on others. When you believe you can make a difference, you position yourself to hear the call to lead.

Truth #2 Credibility Is the Foundation of Leadership. If people don’t believe in you, they won’t willingly follow you. You must do what you say you are going to do. This means being so clear about your beliefs that you can live them every day.

Truth #3 Values Drive Commitment. You need to know what you believe in because you can only fully commit to the organization or cause when there is a good fit between what you value and the organization values. This is true too, for the people you lead.

Truth #4 Focusing on the Future Sets Leaders Apart. You have to be forward looking; it’s the quality that most differentiates leaders from individual contributors. You need to spend time reflecting on the future. Big dreams that resonate with others inspire and energize.
Truth #5 You Can’t Do It Alone. Leadership is a team sport, and you need to engage others in the cause. You need to enable others to be even better than they already are.

Truth #6 Trust Rules. To enlist others, you need trust. Build mutual trust; you must trust others too.

Truth #7 Challenge Is the Crucible of Greatness. Great achievements don’t happen when you keep things the same. Change invariably involves challenge, and challenge tests you. It introduces you to yourself. It brings you face-to-face with your level of commitment, your grittiness, and your values. It reveals your mindset about change.

Truth #8 You Either Lead by Example or You Don’t Lead at All. You have to go first as a leader. That’s what it takes to get others to follow your lead.
Truth #9 The Best Leaders Are the Best Learners. Learning is the master skill of leadership. Leaders are constant improvement fanatics.
Truth #10 Leadership Is an Affair of the Heart. Leaders love what they’re doing and those they lead. Leaders make others feel great themselves and are gracious in showing their appreciation.

These truths should form the basis of any leadership development program. Even more, they are the motivation behind the right kinds of behaviors that go into the formation of good and sustainable leadership.

There are no shortages of problems and opportunities…. Leadership is not about telling others they ought to solve these problems. It’s about seeing a problem and accepting personal responsibility for doing something about it. And it’s about holding yourself accountable for the actions that you take. The next time you see a problem and say “Why doesn’t someone do something about this?” take a look in the mirror and say instead, “I’ll be the someone to do something about it.”

A continuación procedemos a extraer la idea principal del texto y la traducción del mismo, asi como la  identificación de las diversas categorias lexicales encontradas en el texto : Sustantivos, Verbos, Adjetivos, Adverbios, Artículos,Preposiciones, Conjunciones, Demostrativos, Prefijos,Sufijos, Cognados Veraderos y Falsos.

 

1. Leer el texto por completo. -

2. Subrayar las palabras que no entiende y buscarlas en el diccionario. -

Commitment: compromiso.
fully: Completamente.
reveals: divulgar

3. Escribir cual es la idea principal del texto. -

En el mismo se hace un cuestionamiento sobre la idea, conceptualización y ejercicio del liderazgo en la actualidad en constrate con la apreciación de éste en el pasado; dicha afirmación la presentan dos importantes investigadores a nivel mundial sobre el liderazgo, como son James Kouzes y Barry Posner, ellos manifiestan que si bien es cierto, el contexto  a cambiado, los componentes básicos de la dirección no han evolucionados mucho, por cuanto los comportamientos fundamentales, acciones y prácticas de los líderes se han mantenido esencialmente iguales.

4. Identificar el tiempo verbal general del texto -

    Presente Perfecto Continuo:
5. Identificar al menos dos palabras de las siguientes categoría lexicales:

Sustantivos:  James ,   Action,  People

Verbos:  Studied, develop

Adjetivos: same, team

Adverbios: dramatically, essentially

Articulos:  The

Preposición: From, on , about

Conjunción: and , but

Demostrativos: That , This
Prefijo: invariably
Sufijos:
Cognados Verdaderos: organization , fundamental
Cognados Falsos:

Bienvenidos a mi blog

Hola a todos, he creado este blog, en el marco de las actividades desarrolladas en el Curso Intensivo de Inglés Instrumental, dirigido por la facilitadora: Doris Molero. Sin embargo, y a los efectos de aprovechar al máximo las bondades del idioma, asi como de la tecnología de la información, considere pertinente que el mismo se convierta en un espacio para la divulgación, discusión y reflexión sobre temas vinculados al contexto del liderazgo ético y como éste influye en la calidad de gestión de las organizaciones operadoras de servicios logisticos internacionales, tales como: las aduanas, el transporte internacional, las almacenadoras, los agentes de aduanas, entre otras.

TALLER 1: UNIDADES I Y II

El texto  inglés que a continuación se presenta es tomado del siguiente Link: http://www.answers.com/topic/ethical-leadership: Wikipedia: Ethical leadership, cuyo eje temático se relaciona con el liderazgo ético.

Leadership

Ethical leadership is leadership that is involved in leading in a manner that respects the rights and dignity of others. “As leaders are by nature in a position of social power, ethical leadership focuses on how leaders use their social power in the decisions they make, actions they engage in and ways they influence others”. Leaders who are ethical demonstrate a level of integrity that is important for stimulating a sense of leader trustworthiness, which is important for followers to accept the vision of the leader. These are critical and direct components to leading ethically. The character and integrity of the leader provide the basis for personal characteristics that direct a leader’s ethical beliefs, values, and decisions. Individual values and beliefs impact the ethical decisions of leaders.

Leaders who are ethical are people-oriented, and also aware of how their decisions impact others, and use their social power to serve the greater good instead of self-serving interests. In ethical leadership it is important for the leader to consider how his or her decisions impact others. Motivating followers to put the needs or interests of the group ahead of their own is another quality of ethical leaders. Motivating involves engaging others in an intellectual and emotional commitment between leaders and followers that makes both parties equally responsible in the pursuit of a common goal. These characteristics of ethical leaders are similar to inspirational motivation, which is a style component of transformational leadership. Inspirational motivation “involves inspiring others to work towards the leader’s vision for the group and to be committed to the group”. Similarly, ethical leadership “falls within the nexus of inspiring, stimulating, and visionary leader behaviors that make up transformational and charismatic leadership”. Ethical leaders assist followers in gaining a sense of personal competence that allows them to be self-sufficient by encouraging and empowering them.

Ethical leadership in organizations

In organizational communication, ethics in leadership are very important. Business leaders must make decisions that will not only benefit them, but also they must think about how the other people will be affected (Stansbury 33). The best leaders make known their values and their ethics and preach them in their leadership style and actions. It consists of communicating complete and accurate information, where there is a personal, professional, ethical, or legal obligation to do so (McQueeney 165). When practicing ethics, you gain the respect and admiration of employees, with the satisfaction of knowing you did the right thing. If you never make clear what you want, and expect, then it can cause mistrust.

Being unethical in the workplace can include anything from taking personal phone calls while at your desk, telling someone the "check is in the mail", when in fact it hasn't even been written yet, and even taking office supplies home for your personal use. Most organizations create an ethical code, which is usually a list of rules that tells you what behaviors are right and what are wrong in the company.

For your organization, you might want to let employees know your values right off the bat. Such values can be, teamwork, ambition, honesty, efficiency, quality, accomplishment, and dedication.

__________________________________

 

Tomando en consideración el texto antes indicado y conforme a las instruciones del faclitador , se procedio a realizar las siguientes acciones:

1. Leer el texto por completo. 

2. Subrayar las palabras que no entiende y buscarlas en el diccionario.

Palabra en Inglés:      Traducción al español
engage:                                abordar
preach:                                Predicar
mistrust:                               Desconfianza
Being :                                 Ser
teamwork:                           Trabajo en equipo
accomplishment:                   Realización

3. Escribir cual es la idea principal del texto.

Durante el desarrollo del texto se realiza un amplio análisis sobre el Liderazgo Etico y como éste enfoque ó estilo de liderazgo ha venido adquiriendo una gran relevancia en el ámbito de las organizaciones. Los líderes que son éticos, demuestran un nivel de integridad que es importante para estimular un sentido de confianza de entre sus seguidores. El carácter y la integridad del líder constituyen la base de características personales que dirigen las creencias éticas de un líder, valores y decisiones. Los valores individuales y el impacto de las creencias  en la toma de decisiones éticas de los líderes. Es decir, cuando los líderes ejecutar prácticas éticas, su seguidores las modelan, asi cmo ganan el respeto y la admiración .

4. Identificar el tiempo verbal general del texto.

El texto esta en tercera persona, y poseé el tiempo verbal del  presente continúo.

5. Identificar al menos dos palabras de las siguientes categoría lexicales:

Articulos: The, a

Sustantivos: ambition, honesty, efficiency  

Verbos:  power, put , makes

Adjetivos: social, visionario

Adverbios:   ethically, equally,  usually

Preposiciones:  to , by , for , of

Conjunciones: And, For

Prefijos:  self-serving, teamwork

Sufijos: commitment , dignity, integrity

Cognados Verdaderos: Ethical, decisions, social

Cognados Falsos: no existe|


6. Sacar 4 oraciones e indicar:

- Ethical leadership is leadership that is involved in leading in a manner that respects the rights and dignity of others.

Núcleo: leadership
Frase Nominal: Ethical leadership
Pre: Ethical
Post:
Frase Verbal: is leadership that is involved in leading in a manner that respects the rights and dignity of others.

Núcleo: is
Tiempo Verbal: Presente simple

- The character and integrity of the leader provide the basis for personal characteristics that direct a leader’s ethical beliefs, values, and decisions.

Núcleo: leader
Frase Nominal: The character and integrity of the leader
Pre: - The character and integrity of the
Post: provide
Frase Verbal: provide the basis for personal characteristics that direct a leader’s ethical beliefs, values, and decisions.
Núcleo: characteristics
Tiempo Verbal: Presente simple


- These characteristics of ethical leaders are similar to inspirational motivation, which is a style component of transformational leadership.
Núcleo: ethical leaders
Frase Nominal:
Pre: These characteristics of
Post: are similar
Frase Verbal: are similar to inspirational motivation, which is a style component of transformational leadership.
Núcleo: component of transformational
Tiempo Verbal: Presente simple

- In organizational communication, ethics in leadership are very important.

Núcleo: communication
Frase Nominal: In organizational communication
Pre:In organizational
Post: ethics
Frase Verbal:  are very important
Núcleo: are
Tiempo Verbal: Presente Simple

7. Señalar los referenciales presentes en el párrafo y lo cual se refiere.

Aparece señalados con este color : They, Her, It, Them